Building a better society: The Vital role of Family's social values in creating a culture of giving in young Children's minds.

This study aimed to investigate the role of families in instilling social values that enhance children's awareness of the culture of giving. A descriptive research design was used, and a sample survey method was employed, with 174 children participating. Results showed that the family's role in instilling social values was rated as moderate (weighted relative weight of 61.97%), with a total weight of 9705. The study also found that children face difficulties in adhering to the encouraging social values of volunteering. Specifically, the difficulties that children face were rated as moderate (weighted relative weight of 61.58%), with a total weight of 4822. One of the most important of these difficulties was the frequent family disputes between a child's parents that do not give them a way to practice volunteering. Besides, the families of some children are not interested in explaining the nature and mechanism of applying the encouraging social values of giving. Furthermore, the study revealed statistically significant differences in children's awareness of social values based on gender, age, educational stage, parents' educational level, and family cultural level. One of the study's key recommendations is to activate the role of families and educational institutions in organizing field visits for children to participate in voluntary and humanitarian programs. This would create constructive communication between children and vulnerable groups in society, such as orphans and the elderly, and deepen children's sense of the existence of these categories within society and the importance of providing support and assistance to them. Overall, this study highlighted the crucial role of families in instilling positive social values in children, which is essential for building a compassionate and committed future generation capable of giving back to society in various fields, particularly in human services.

Altruistic help or taking advantage of the situation? Social representations of surrogate motherhood.

Concerning Europe, the lay public, mainly in Central regions, still lacks information about what surrogacy is and how the process works in practice. It is one of the most controversial methods of assisted reproduction precisely because it goes against traditional social norms and ideas about the conception of life. The main aim of our study was to map the social representations of lay people that are formed in internet discussions. We focused on discussion forums over a time span of the last 10 years, from 2013 to 2022. We were also interested in whether perceived risks or benefits formed the core of social representations. Through a reflexive thematic analysis, we identified two distinct constructions of social representations of surrogacy, finding that value settings in terms of liberalism and conservatism appear to have the greatest influence on the anchoring and objectification of surrogacy.

The Social Values of Nursing Staff and the Perceived Quality of Their Professional Lives.

This study's main purpose involves exploring the relationship between the social values of nursing staff and the perception they have of their professional lives. A further aim is to examine how their terms of employment and tenure of service relate to the quality of their careers and their social values. The research consisted of a non-experimental quantitative approach of a descriptive nature involving 380 nursing staff at four public hospitals in Madrid (Spain). The values were appraised by means of the Schwarz Value Survey (SVS) and the quality of their careers was measured through the Quality of Professional Life (QPL-35) questionnaire. The results reveal significant correlations between the two, highlighting the significance of such values as universalism, benevolence, achievement and power depending on their terms of employment, on the one hand, and all the values in the Schwartz model according to the length of their tenure on the other. The findings suggest that terms of employment and tenure are significantly related to the axiological profile of nursing staff and the quality of their professional lives. This study provides major empirical evidence that contributes to our understanding of how social values and the quality of professional lives are interwoven within the field of nursing in Spain.

We need to talk about values: a proposed framework for the articulation of normative reasoning in health technology assessment.

It is acknowledged that health technology assessment (HTA) is an inherently value-based activity that makes use of normative reasoning alongside empirical evidence. But the language used to conceptualise and articulate HTA's normative aspects is demonstrably unnuanced, imprecise, and inconsistently employed, undermining transparency and preventing proper scrutiny of the rationales on which decisions are based. This paper - developed through a cross-disciplinary collaboration of 24 researchers with expertise in healthcare priority-setting - seeks to address this problem by offering a clear definition of key terms and distinguishing between the types of normative commitment invoked during HTA, thus providing a novel conceptual framework for the articulation of reasoning. Through application to a hypothetical case, it is illustrated how this framework can operate as a practical tool through which HTA practitioners and policymakers can enhance the transparency and coherence of their decision-making, while enabling others to hold them more easily to account. The framework is offered as a starting point for further discussion amongst those with a desire to enhance the legitimacy and fairness of HTA by facilitating practical public reasoning, in which decisions are made on behalf of the public, in public view, through a chain of reasoning that withstands ethical scrutiny.

Impact of information and deliberation on the consistency of preferences for prioritization in health care - evidence from discrete choice experiments undertaken alongside citizens' juries.

BACKGROUND: Public preferences are an important consideration for priority-setting. Critics suggest preferences of the public who are potentially naïve to the issue under consideration may lead to sub-optimal decisions. We assessed the impact of information and deliberation via a Citizens' Jury (CJ) or preference elicitation methods (Discrete Choice Experiment, DCE) on preferences for prioritizing access to bariatric surgery. METHODS: Preferences for seven prioritization criteria (e.g. obesity level, obesity-related comorbidities) were elicited from three groups who completed a DCE: (i) participants from two CJs (n = 28); (ii) controls who did not participate in the jury (n = 21); (iii) population sample (n = 1,994). Participants in the jury and control groups completed the DCE pre- and post-jury. DCE data were analyzed using multinomial logit models to derive "priority weights" for criteria for access to surgery. The rank order of criteria was compared across groups, time points and CJ recommendations. RESULTS: The extent to which the criteria were considered important were broadly consistent across groups and were similar to jury recommendations but with variation in the rank order. Preferences of jurors but not controls were more differentiated (that is, criteria were assigned a greater range of priority weights) after than before the jury. Juror preferences pre-jury were similar to that of the public but appeared to change during the course of the jury with greater priority given to a person with comorbidity. Conversely, controls appeared to give a lower priority to those with comorbidity and higher priority to treating very severe obesity after than before the jury. CONCLUSION: Being informed and undertaking deliberation had little impact on the criteria that were considered to be relevant for prioritizing access to bariatric surgery but may have a small impact on the relative importance of criteria. CJs may clarify underlying rationale but may not provide substantially different prioritization recommendations compared to a DCE.

Public preferences are an important consideration for priority-setting. However, some people worry that if the public doesn't know much about the issues, their opinions might not lead to the best decisions. To make these decisions, we used two different methods to get people's opinions: Deliberative methods and preference elicitation methods. Deliberative methods gather a small group of people and have them discuss an issue in detail, whereas preference elicitation methods seek opinions through surveying a large group of people.In this paper, we assessed the impact of information and deliberation via a deliberative method (Citizens' Jury, CJ) or a preference elicitation method (Discrete Choice Experiment, DCE) on preferences for prioritising access to bariatric surgery. We used data from two CJs and a DCE focussed on prioritising access to the surgery, to find out if the opinions of those in the CJs changed or stayed the same after they heard information from experts and discussed the topic.The results showed that the important criteria were rather similar across the groups, but the order of importance was a bit different. The people in CJs had more varied opinions after discussing it, while those who didn't discuss it had less varied opinions. The participants in CJs also prioritized those with other health problems more than they did at the beginning.This study helps us understand how different methods can be used to get the public's opinions on healthcare decisions.

Enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado / Transcultural nursing as an approach to care management

El objetivo general de la investigación fue describir la enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado. Método: El planteamiento formulado por los investigadores se basó en el enfoque cuantitativo, con una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental. Se apoyó en el análisis documental­bibliográfico. Se organizó un proceso investigativo en donde la población de estudio se basó primordialmente en tesis y artículos científicos arbitrados. Resultados: Las desigualdades en la atención médica, causadas por las diferencias culturales en el acceso a la calidad de la atención, se manifiestan principalmente en edad, género, raza, etnia, educación, ingresos y discapacidad. En conclusión: La promoción de la enfermería transcultural se fortalece facilitando las herramientas, la formación y actualización de los profesionales existentes y las nuevas generaciones desde una preparación integral desde el conocimiento. Se deben desarrollar modelos para la gestión del cuidado, enfatizando en el respeto de los valores, creencias y patrones.

The overall objective of the research was to describe transcultural nursing as a method for care management. Method: The approach formulated by the researchers was based on the quantitative approach with a descriptive methodology with a non-experimental design, which was supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis. A research process was organized in which the study population was based primarily on theses and peer-reviewed scientific articles. Results: Inequalities in health care caused by cultural differences in access to quality of care and are manifested primarily in age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability. In conclusion: The promotion of transcultural nursing is strengthened by facilitating the tools, training and updating of existing professionals and new generations from a comprehensive preparation from knowledge, developing models for care management emphasizing respect for values, beliefs, patterns.

Healthcare priority-setting criteria and social values in Iran: an investigation of local evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Integrating social values into health technology assessment processes is an important component of proper healthcare priority setting. This study aims to identify social values related to healthcare priority setting in Iran. METHOD: A scoping review was conducted on original studies that investigating social values in the healthcare system in Iran. The databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO were searched with no restrictions on time and language. The reported criteria were clustered using Sham's framework of social value analysis in health policy. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies published between 2008 and 2022 met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen of the included studies followed a quantitative approach with different methods to identify criteria, and the remaining seven studies used a qualitative approach. A total of fifty-five criteria were extracted and clustered into necessity, quality, sustainability, and process categories. Only six studies found criteria that were related to processes. Only three studies used public opinions as a source of value identification and eleven studies investigated the weight of criteria. None of the included studies explored the interdependency of the criteria. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that several criteria other than cost per health unit also need to be considered in healthcare priority setting. Previous studies have paid little attention to the social values that underlie priority setting and policy-making processes. To reach consensus on social values related to healthcare priority setting, future researches need to involve broader stakeholders' perspectives as a valuable source of social values in a fair process.

What values drive communities' nutrition priorities in a resource constrained urban area in South Africa?

BACKGROUND: Voices of under-resourced communities are recognised as important yet are often unheard in decisions about healthcare resource allocation. Deliberative public engagement can serve as an effective mechanism for involving communities in establishing nutrition priorities. This study sought to identify the priorities of community members of a South African township, Soweto, and describe the underlying values driving their prioritisation process, to improve nutrition in the first 1000 days of life. METHODS: We engaged 54 community members (28 men and 26 women aged > 18 years) from Soweto. We conducted seven group discussions to determine how to allocate limited resources for prioritising nutrition interventions. We used a modified public engagement tool: CHAT (Choosing All Together) which presented 14 nutrition intervention options and their respective costs. Participants deliberated and collectively determined their nutritional priorities. Choices were captured quantitatively, while group discussions were audio-recorded. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify the reasons and values associated with the selected priorities. RESULTS: All groups demonstrated a preference to allocate scarce resources towards three priority interventions-school breakfast provisioning, six-months paid maternity leave, and improved food safety. All but one group selected community gardens and clubs, and five groups prioritised decreasing the price of healthy food and receiving job search assistance. Participants' allocative decisions were guided by several values implicit in their choices, such as fairness and equity, efficiency, social justice, financial resilience, relational solidarity, and human development, with a strong focus on children. Priority interventions were deemed critical to supporting children's optimal development and well-being, interrupting the intergenerational cycle of poverty and poor human development in the community. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates how public engagement can facilitate the incorporation of community values and programmatic preferences into nutrition priority setting, enabling a responsive approach to local community needs, especially in resource constrained contexts. Findings could guide policy makers to facilitate more appropriate decisions and to improve nutrition in the first 1000 days of life.

The 12 Rs Framework as a Comprehensive, Unifying Construct for Principles Guiding Animal Research Ethics.

Animal research ethics and animal welfare in science have become progressively tightly regulated, and ethical integrity and scientific quality, as well as social responsiveness and responsibility have become key requirements for research to be approved, funded, published, and accepted. The multitude of factors to contemplate has in some instances not only become complex, requiring a team approach, but often perceived as confusing and overwhelming. To facilitate a process of simplistic yet comprehensive conceptualization, we developed the 12 Rs Framework to act as a mind map to guide scientists, oversight structures, and other stakeholders through the myriad of ethical considerations. It unfolds into three domains of twelve encompassing ethical principles, values, and other considerations, including the animal welfare, social values, and scientific integrity domains, whilst also recognizing the diversity of local context, legal requirements, values, and cultures around the globe. In the end, it can be seen as a unifying ethical framework to foster and promote animal research ethics.

Economic valuation of wildlife conservation.

This paper reviews concepts and methods for the economic valuation of nature in the context of wildlife conservation and questions them in light of alternative approaches based on deliberation. Economic valuations have been used to set priorities, consider opportunity costs, assess co-benefits of conservation, support the case for conservation in public awareness and advocacy, and drive novel schemes to change incentives. We discuss the foundational principles of mainstream economic valuation in terms of its assumptions about values, markets, and human behaviour; propose a list of valuation studies in relation to wildlife protection; and explain the methods used. We then review critiques of these approaches focusing on the narrow way in which economics conceives of values, and institutional, power, and equity concerns. Finally, we complement conventional approaches commonly used for wildlife valuation with two forms of deliberative valuation: deliberated preferences and deliberative democratic monetary valuation. These are discussed in terms of their potential to address the drawbacks of mainstream economics and to realise the potential of valuation in bridging conservation of nature for its own sake and its important contributions to human well-being. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10344-023-01658-2.

Dependência do smartphone: relação entre procrastinação, saúde geral e valores humanos / Dependencia del smartphone: relación entre procrastinación, salud general y valores humanos / Smartphone addiction: relationship between procrastination, general health and human values

Esta pesquisa objetivou conhecer o papel preditivo dos valores humanos, da procrastinação e da saúde geral com relação à dependência do smartphone. Contou-se com a participação de 390 pessoas da população geral, com idades variando de 18 a 69 anos (M=27,DP=8,91), sen-do a maioria do sexo feminino (71%). Estes responderam à Escala de Dependência do Smartpho-ne (versão reduzida), Escala de Procrastinação de Tuckman, Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12), Questionário dos Valores Básicos (QVB)e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que a dependência do smartphone está positivamente relacionada à procrastinação, resultando em prejuízos à saúde geral, tais como níveis maiores de ansiedade e depressão. Conclui-se que os valores, a procrastinação e os níveis de ansiedade atuam como importantes preditores para o comportamento dependente do smartphone. (AU)

This research aimed to understand the predictive role of human values, procrastination and general health in relation to smartphone dependence. Participated 390 people from the gen-eral, with ages ranging from 18 to 69 years old (M=27, SD=8.91), mostly female (71%). They answered the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS, reduced version), Tuckman's Procrastination Scale, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Basic Values Survey (BVS) and demographic questions. The results indicating that smartphone dependence is positively related to procras-tination, resulting in damage to general health, such as higher levels of anxiety and depres-sion. It was concluded that values, procrastination and anxiety levels were shown to be im-portant predictors for smartphone-dependent behavior. (AU)

Role of social capital in disaster risk management: a theoretical perspective in special reference to Odisha, India.

Social capital being the network of relationship plays a significant role in managing risk and crisis situation saving human lives from an adverse effect and impact of disasters. The authors and scholars across many countries through their disaster studies show that social capital with the form of bonding, bridging and linking rescued the victims of disasters, evacuated the most vulnerable people to safer places, provided food and drinking water and other basic amenities to the victims of disasters, provided homes to the homeless and solaced to those who were psychologically depressed. However, the literature review further specified that while bonding and bridging social capital extended support to the victims of disasters in abundance, the linking social capital on the other hand supported only to those who are in close contact with the persons and institutions in power and authority. Review of literature is done purely through qualitative research methodology which has had read 86 relevant articles published within the last 10- to 12-year period of time. This review paper both contributes to the social capital literature and helps those responsible for planning and policy framework to effectively manage future disasters and safeguard lives and properties and enhance capacities of the most vulnerable people to absorb shocks and stress successfully.

Alternatives to the quality-adjusted life year: How well do they address common criticisms?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether other outcome measures used in health technology assessment (HTA) address the criticisms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: HTA methods guidance from 11 US comparator countries (the G10 and Australia) and six value frameworks from US organizations were reviewed to identify health outcome measures currently used to evaluate the benefits of a drug. STUDY DESIGN: The study involved a documentary analysis of guidelines to identify outcome measures used by the sampled HTA organizations. Similar outcomes were grouped together into outcome types. Each type was analyzed to determine the extent to which it replicates key advantages and responds to criticisms of QALYs extracted from the literature. EXTRACTION METHODS: Outcomes were included if guidance from at least one HTA organization identified the outcome as acceptable for HTA. Outcomes measuring or evaluating the benefit, clinical effect, or impact of a drug or health technology was included; methods of calculating costs were excluded. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Seven types of outcome measures were identified falling into three groups: preference-based, single-dimension outcomes, and outcomes using non-health perspectives. Among the seven QALY alternative outcome measures currently used for HTA by the sampled countries, no one outcome measure addresses all the QALY criticisms while retaining the advantageous features of the QALY. CONCLUSIONS: Proposals to adopt health technology assessment (HTA) to support value-based pricing of prescription drugs in the US have faced pushback over the use of the QALY. There is no single "right" outcome measure, and the criticisms of QALYs apply to other outcome measures used to evaluate health. The measures identified have different features and strengths, which may be appropriate for specific decision making goals, but the QALY remains the best option for decision making that requires comparisons of the overall societal value of health gains.

Value of social activities and prerequisites for continued participation of rural older adults: A qualitative study.

AIMS: To explore the value of social activities and the prerequisites for continuous participation among rural older adults based on their experiences. DESIGN: Qualitative, descriptive design. METHODS: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 older adults from voluntary community salons in a rural area in Japan. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist were used. RESULTS: Four values of social activities were identified: "Mutual benefit connectedness," "Preventing and coping with aging," "Making life brilliant 'now'," and "Building a safety net." Three prerequisites for activities were identified: "Do not overreach," "Do not infringe on personal territory," and "Do not go against community norms." Social activities provide rural older adults with reciprocity ties, coping with aging, enhanced daily lives, and a social safety net. Continued participation in rural social activities requires adherence to cultural norms and moderation of relationship distances. Community and public health nurses are expected to promote social activities that incorporate these values and adhere to these prerequisites.

Creencias y prácticas de autocuidado en profesionales de enfermería en UCI durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Beliefs and Self-Care Practices in ICU Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic / Crenças e práticas de autocuidado em enfermeiros da UCI durante a pandemia COVID-19

Para los profesionales de enfermería, la pandemia por COVID-19 agudizó la necesidad de poner en práctica el cuidado y el autocuidado como elementos fundamentales para proteger la vida propia, de los pacientes, allegados, y la salubridad social en general. Objetivo: describir las creencias y las prácticas de autocuidado utilizadas por profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo para mantener el bienestar físico, mental y social durante la atención de la pandemia por COVID-19 entre el segundo semestre del 2020 y primero del 2021. Metodología: enfoque cualitativo tipo etnográfico, basado en el método de la etnoenfermería propuesto por Madeleine Leininger. Muestreo por saturación teórica de 14 informantes clave. Recolección de información mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas presenciales y virtuales grabadas ­transcritas en su totalidad­ y notas de campo. Análisis de información a través de las fases de la etnoenfermería, categorización, caracterización e identificación de patrones recurrentes. Resultados: se identificaron tres categorías como temas principales, se obtuvo información sobre las creencias y prácticas de autocuidado de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19 que tienen repercusiones en la búsqueda del bienestar individual y colectivo, reconocibles a través de la implementación de diferentes estrategias de protección y las prácticas culturales asociadas. Conclusión: los pensamientos y el consecuente actuar mencionados por la población entrevistada responden de manera directa a las prácticas y creencias relacionadas con sus intenciones de disminuir la probabilidad de contagio y gestionar un autocuidado en la construcción de una resiliencia y un bienestar efectivo de los profesionales de enfermería.

For nursing professionals, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the need to put care and self-care into practice as fundamental elements to protect their lives, that of their patients, relatives, and social health in general. Objective: To describe the self-care beliefs and practices used by nursing professionals who work in Intensive Care Units to maintain physical, mental, and social well-being during the care of the COVID-19 pandemic between the second period of 2020 and the first period of 2021. Methodology: Qualitative ethnographic approach, based on the ethno-nursing method proposed by Madeleine Leininger. Sampling by theoretical saturation of 14 key informants was carried out. Collection of information was doner through semi-structured face-to-face and virtual interviews, recorded, fully transcribed, and field notes. Analysis of information through the phases of ethno-nursing, categorization, characterization and identification of recurring patterns. Results: Three categories were identified as main themes, information was obtained on the beliefs and self-care practices of nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic that have repercussions on the search for individual and collective well-being, recognizable through the implementation of different strategies of protection and associated cultural practices. Conclusion: The thoughts and consequent actions mentioned by the interviewed population respond directly to the practices and beliefs related to their intentions to reduce the probability of contagion and manage self-care in the construction of resilience and effective well-being of health professionals nursing.

Para os profissionais de enfermagem, a pandemia de COVID-19 exacerbou a necessidade de colocar em prática o cuidado e o autocuidado como elementos fundamentais para proteger suas vidas, a de seus pacientes, familiares e a saúde social em geral. Objetivo: descrever as crenças e práticas de autocuidado utilizadas por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva para manter o bem-estar físico, mental e social durante o cuidado da pandemia de COVID-19 entre o segundo período de 2020 e o primeiro período 2021. Metodología: abordagem etnográfica qualitativa, com base no método de etnoenfermagem proposto por Madeleine Leininger. Amostragem por saturação teórica de 14 informantes-chave . Coleta de informações por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas presenciais e virtuais, gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e notas de campo. Análise da informação através das fases de etnoenfermagem, categorização, características e identificação de padrões recorrentes. Resultados: foram identificadas três categorías como temas principais, obteve-se informação sobre as crenças e práticas de autocuidado dos profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19 que repercutem na busca do bem-estar individual e coletivo, reconhecíveis através da implementação de diferentes estratégias. de proteção e práticas culturais associadas. Conclusão: os pensamentos e ações consequentes mencionados pela população entrevistada respondem diretamente às práticas e crenças relacionadas às suas intenções de reduzir a probabilidade de contágio e gerenciar o autocuidado na construção da resiliência e bem-estar efetivo dos profissionais de saúde.

La educación en valores en la formación de profesores de educación física: ¿un asunto pendiente? / A educação em valores na formação de professores de educação física: uma questão pendente? / Education in values in the training of physical education teachers: a pending issue?

Resumo Este estudio buscó comprender las percepciones de futuros profesores de Educación Física de una universidad del sur de Chile, sobre la educación valórica promovida en su trayectoria formativa. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que analizó, con la ayuda del programa Nvivo, dos fuentes de información: a) documentos oficiales y b) focus grupal con estudiantes. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de una formación recibida que no ha sido capaz de cumplir cabalmente con lo que declara la universidad y además, sienten que la docencia promueve valores, principalmente a través de espacios dialogantes sin embargo, solo algunos docentes lo hacen conscientemente. Por otro lado, sienten un déficit para enseñarlo en la escuela generando cierta incertidumbre por el futuro rol que vislumbran.

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender as percepções de futuros professores de Educação Física de uma universidade no sul do Chile, sobre o valor da educação promovido em sua carreira de formação. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa que analisou, com o auxílio do programa Nvivo, duas fontes de informação: a) documentos oficiais e b) foco em grupo com alunos. Os principais resultados mostram uma formação recebida que não tem conseguido cumprir integralmente o que a universidade declara e, além disso, sentem que a docência promove valores, principalmente por meio de espaços de diálogo, porém, apenas alguns professores o fazem de forma consciente. Por outro lado, sentem um déficit para ensiná-lo na escola, gerando certa incerteza sobre o papel futuro que vislumbram.

Abstract This study sought to understand the perceptions of future Physical Education teachers about the values education promoted in their training trajectory. A qualitative methodology was used that analyzed, from the Nvivo program, two sources of information: a) official documents and b) group focus with students. The main results show a training received that has not been able to fully comply with what the university declares and also indicate that teaching promotes values mainly through dialogue spaces, however, only some teachers do so consciously. On the other hand, they feel a deficit to teach it at school, generating some uncertainty about the future role they envision.

Doctors’ Professional Ethics in the Perspective of Marx’s "Industrial Pathology" / 中国医学伦理学

In Das Kapital, Marx cited the Public Health Report of Dr. Simon, the promoter of the British public health reform, and developed Marx’s "industrial pathology", which not only directly demonstrated the oppression and exploitation of capitalism on the working class, but also indirectly raised expectations and construction of doctors’ professional ethics and social values. Marx believed that the doctors should have professional, fair and resolute ethic, and only by placing their value in the working people and putting the health and interests of the people first, can they better save the dying, heal the wounded, and play a greater role of value and advantage. Reviewing the professional ethics and social values of doctors from the perspective of Marx’s "industrial pathology" not only enlightens people on how to better respond to the COVID-19, but also has important reference significance for the construction of contemporary medical ethics.

The OPTIMISE study protocol: a multicentre optimisation trial comparing continuous glucose monitoring, snacking habits, sleep extension and values-guided self-care interventions to improve glucose time-in-range in young people (13-20 years) with type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: The OPTIMISE study uses a Multiphase Optimisation Strategy (MOST) to identify the best combination of four interventions targeting key diabetes self-care behaviours for use in clinical practice to improve short-term glycaemic outcomes. Methods: This 4-week intervention trial will recruit 80 young people (aged 13-20 years) with type 1 diabetes ≥ 6 months duration), and pre-enrolment HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) in the prior 6 months. Both main intervention and interaction effects will be estimated using a linear regression model with change in glucose time-in-range (TIR; 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) as the primary outcome. Participants will be randomised to one of 16 conditions in a factorial design using four intervention components: (1) real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), (2) targeted snacking education, (3) individualised sleep extension, and (4) values-guided self-care goal setting. Baseline and post-intervention glucose TIR will be assessed with blinded CGM. Changes in self-care (snacking behaviours, sleep habits and duration, and psychosocial outcomes) will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention to determine if these interventions impacted behaviour change. Discussion: The study outcomes will enable the selection of effective and efficient intervention components that increase glucose TIR in young people who struggle to achieve targets for glycaemic control. The optimised intervention will be evaluated in a future randomised controlled trial and guide the planning of effective clinical interventions in adolescents and young adults living with type 1 diabetes. Trial registration: This trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 7 October 2020 (ACTRN12620001017910) and the World Health Organisation International Clinical Trails Registry Platform on 26 July 2020 (Universal Trial Number WHO U1111-1256-1248).

Sexualization of Children or Human Rights? Attitudes Toward Addressing Sexual-Orientation Diversity in School.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents are more likely to experience mental health problems than their heterosexual peers because they are victimized more often or fear discrimination. Governmental plans to improve this situation by addressing sexual diversity in German schools have been accompanied by public resistance and misinformation, e.g., that they aim to sexualize children. The present study assessed how widespread negative attitudes toward such plans really are and how they can be explained. A random sample of 2,013 German residents was surveyed by phone. Only 10% opposed promoting acceptance of LGB in school. Approval of such plans was predominantly predicted by respondents' beliefs about sexual orientation and the plans' aim, and only marginally by societal values. Respondents who knew that the plans' aim was to promote acceptance of LGB and not to sexualize children and that children with same-sex parents are just as well off as those with heterosexual parents showed higher approval, whereas respondents who believed that homosexuality is affected by socialization showed higher opposition.